 Composition Each Capsule contains
Properties FerroCAL composed of an advanced & balanced formula of Calcium, Vitamin D3, Vitamin C, Iron, Folic Acid and Zinc. A Formula which is required by the human body, when demands for these components increase, specially during pregnancy & lactation, menopause, old age, malnutrition and malabsorption. In pregnant women, Calcium demand increases with the pregnancy progress. *Calcium, is essential for human life. Apart from being a major constituent of bones and teeth, Calcium is important for nerve conduction, muscle contraction, heartbeat, blood coagulation, energy production and maintenance of immune function. Among other things, severe Calcium deficiency may lead to abnormal heartbeat , dement muscle spasm and convulsions. There are many groups at risk of marginal Calcium deficiency such as women: in child-bearing age, pregnant & lactating women, elderly people, post menopausal women, people on diet and inactive people. There is evidence that Calcium supplementation is beneficial in decreasing the incidence of bone fractures & osteoporosis in pregnant or post menopausal women. *Vitamin D3, essential of bone metabolism, It regulates the intestinal absorption of both Calcium and Phosphates, which are important for bones & teeth formation and maintenance. When Vitamin D3 intake is inadequate, Calcium absorption is reduced. Osteomalacia, muscle weakness, hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia are Vitamin D3 deficiency diseases. *Vitamin C, is responsible for regeneration of epithelial tissues, cartilage, osteoid tissue, capillaries & blood vessels and lymphoid tissues. It is also responsible for Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis. Moreover, it enhances the intestinal absorption of iron. Vitamin C also contributes in making gums and teeth healthy. It is also needed for the synthesis of bile acids. In addition, researches have indicated the role of Vitamin C in the synthesis of several important hormones and neuro-transmitters, folic acid metabolism, immune function, antioxidant function and wound healing. Doctors recommend that pregnant & lactating women increase their Vitamin C intake, in order to guarantee the mother's needs. *Iron, plays an important role in oxygen and electron transport. It provides a fundamental structure of haemoglobin, myoglobin, haemenzymes and many co-factors involved in enzymes activities, protecting the body from developing anaemias. During the Child-bearing years, females must replace the iron lost in pregnancy and during ordinary menstruation. The needs during the coarse of pregnancy are great, to cover the fetal and maternal needs and there is no way that one can obtain this great amount only from dietary intake, and should be taken by iron supplementation. *Folic Acid, deficiency occurs mainly in pregnant women and usually associated with signs & symptoms e.g. diarrhea, glossitis, G.I. distress and anaemia. There is an increased incidence of anaemia, prematurity and low birth weight infants, when folic acid deficiency occurs in pregnant women. *Zinc, recently proven to have an important role in wound healing, specially after surgery, besides being important element in formation of hundred of enzymes and co-enzymes, which are essential for carbohydrates and protein metabolism. Moreover, Zinc protects against growth retardation, skin aging, hair fall, immune disorder and dermatitis. Dosage Unless otherwise prescribed by the physician, the usual dose is: One Capsule daily, preferable after meal. Packing Box of 2 Strips, 7 Capsule in each. Store below 30oC protect from light. Keep out of the reach of childre |
Saturday, December 31, 2011
Ferrocal and all things about it
all informations about alzental
| Composition
ALZENTAL a benzimidazole carbamate derivative, is an anthelmintic with activity against most nematode and some other worms. Activity against some larval stages and ova has also been demonstrated. ALZENTAL’s anthelmintic activity is considered to be dependent on the inhibition or destruction of cytoplasmic microtubules in the worm’s intestinal or absorptive cells. Inhibition of glucose uptake and depletion of glycogen stores follow as do other inhibitory effects Ieading to death of the worm. Indications ALZENTAL is a broad spectrum anthelmintic used in the treatmemt of single and mixed infections as: Enterobiasis Ascariasis Hookworms Trichuriasis Strongyloidiasis Taeniasis Capillariasis Cysticercosis Toxocariasis Trichostrongyliasis Trichinosis Echinococcosis (Hydatid disease) Dosage and Administration Adults and Children Above 2 years of age: Enterobiasis, Ascariasis, Hookworm, Trichuriasis: 400 mg as a single dose. Treatment may be repeated in 3 weeks. Cysticercosis: 15 mg/kg body weight/day for 30 days. Strongyloidiasis and Taeniasis: 400 mg is given daily for 3 consecutive days. This may be repeated after 3 weeks if necessary. Capillariasis: 200 mg twice daily for 10 days. Echinococcosis (Hydatid disease): (Over 60 kg body weight): 800 mg/day in divided doses for 28 days. This is followed by 2 weeks drug free interval, to be repeated for 2-3 cycles. For inoperable cases up to 5 cycles may be given. (Under 60 kg body weight): 10-15 mg/kg body weight daily for 28 days. Children Up to 2 years of age: Enterobiasis, Ascariasis, Hookworm, Trichuriasis: 200 mg as a single dose. Treatment may be repeated in 3 weeks. Precautions ALZENTAL may cause elevation in hepatic enzymes. Patients receiving high doses of ALZENTAL such as those with Hydatid disease, should be supervised closely with blood counts and liver function being monitored. Contra_indications Pregnancy. Hypersensitivity to Albendazole. Side effects Incidence is rare and reversible: e.g.nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, leucopenia, elevated transaminases.  ALZENTAL Suspension :Bottle of 20 ml. ALZENTAL Tablets : Box of 1 blister of 2 tablets. |
all things about epimag
|
All informations about Betoptic eye drops
Action And Clinical Pharmacology: Betaxolol is a cardioselective (beta-1-adrenergic) receptor blocking agent. It does not have significant membrane-stabilizing (local anesthetic) activity and is devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic action.
Ocular: When instilled in the eye, betaxolol reduces elevated as well as normal intraocular pressure, whether or not accompanied by glaucoma. When used as a solution, the onset of action occurs within 30 minutes and the maximal effect is usually attained approximately 2 hours after instillation. Although the time of onset of action, and time of maximal effect for the suspension have not been determined, controlled double masked studies show that the magnitude and duration of the ocular hypotensive effect of betaxolol 0.5% solution and betaxolol 0.25% suspension were clinically equivalent.
A single dose provides a 12-hour reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) and twice daily administration maintains the IOP below 22 mm Hg in most patients.
Betaxolol has no effect on pupil size or accommodation.
Systemic: Ophthalmic betaxolol is virtually devoid of systemic effects. Following oral administration, the elimination half-life of betaxolol is 14 to 22 hours, and it is metabolized mainly to inactive substances which are excreted in the urine. Although betaxolol is absorbed systemically, ophthalmic doses do not ordinarily produce pharmacologically active tissue levels and thus, despite its cardioselective beta blocking activity, it has minimal, if any, effect on heart rate or blood pressure.
Betaxolol has a low affinity for b2-adrenergic receptors, and ophthalmic doses have no significant effect on pulmonary function as measured by forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC. Ophthalmic doses do not inhibit the effect of isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic stimulant, on pulmonary function. Therefore, ophthalmic betaxolol may be used in the treatment of patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension who have coexisting reactive airway disease.
Indications And Clinical Uses: For lowering intraocular pressure in the treatment of ocular hypertension or chronic open angle glaucoma. May be used alone or in combination with other IOP-lowering medication.
Contra-Indications: Hypersensitivity to any component of this product.
Although ophthalmic betaxolol has minimal systemic effects, as with all beta-adrenergic blocking agents, it should not be used in patients with sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block greater than first degree, cardiogenic shock, or patients with overt cardiac failure.
Precautions: General: Patients who are receiving a beta-adrenergic blocking agent orally and ophthalmic betaxolol should be observed for a potential additive effect either on the intraocular pressure or on the known systemic effects of beta blockade.
Although ophthalmic betaxolol has demonstrated a low potential for systemic effects, it should be used with caution in patients with bradycardia, and those with diabetes (especially labile diabetes) because of possible masking of hypoglycemia. Consideration should be given to the gradual withdrawal of all beta-adrenergic blocking agents in patients suspected of developing thyrotoxicosis, and also prior to general anesthesia, because of the reduced ability of the heart to respond to beta-adrenergically mediated sympathetic reflex stimuli (see Drug Interactions).
Betaxolol, a cardioselective beta-blocker, has produced only minimal effects in patients with reactive airway disease; however, caution should be exercised in the treatment of patients with excessive restriction of pulmonary function.
In patients with angle-closure glaucoma the immediate treatment objective is to reopen the angle by constriction of the pupil with a miotic agent. Betaxolol has no effect on the pupil; therefore ophthalmic betaxolol should be used with a miotic to reduce elevated intraocular pressure in angle-closure glaucoma.
As with the use of other antiglaucoma drugs diminished responsiveness to ophthalmic betaxolol after prolonged therapy has been reported in some patients. However, in one long-term study in which 250 patients treated with betaxolol ophthalmic solution have been followed for up to 3 years, no significant difference in mean intraocular pressure has been observed after initial stabilization.
Drug Interactions: Although ophthalmic betaxolol used alone has little or no effect on pupil size, mydriasis resulting from concomitant therapy with epinephrine has been reported occasionally.
Close observation of the patient is recommended when a beta-blocker is administered to patients receiving oral beta-adrenergic blocking drugs or catecholamine-depleting drugs such as reserpine because of possible additive effects. Caution should be exercised in patients using concomitant adrenergic psychotropic drugs.
Pregnancy: There have been no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly indicated.
Lactation: It is not known whether betaxolol is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when ophthalmic betaxolol is administered to nursing women.
Children: Clinical studies to establish the safety and efficacy in children have not been performed .
Adverse Reactions: The following adverse reactions have been reported in clinical trials of up to 3 years of patient experience with betaxolol ophthalmic preparations.
Ocular: Betaxolol has been well tolerated. Discomfort of short duration may be experienced by some patients upon instillation and occasional tearing has been reported. Instances of decreased corneal sensitivity erythema itching sensation corneal punctate staining, keratitis, anisocoria and photophobia have been reported. Based on comparative studies, there is an increased incidence of blurred vision upon instillation of Betoptic S compared with Betoptic.
Systemic: Systemic reactions following topical administration of betaxolol have been reported rarely (e.g., CNS: insomnia and depressive neurosis).
Symptoms And Treatment Of Overdose : Symptoms: No data are available on overdosage of humans. However, anticipated symptoms include symptomatic bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, acute cardiac failure and heart block (second or third degree).
A 10 mL container of 0.5% betaxolol ophthalmic solution would contain 50 mg of betaxolol. Betaxolol at 40 mg twice daily is reported to be an effective and safe systemic dosage for hypertension. Thus, an individual would ingest an amount of betaxolol from one container which is less than the maximum daily oral dose of betaxolol.
Since the oral LD50 in animals ranged from 350 to 1 050 mg/kg, a 10 kg child would only receive 5 mg/kg if the child ingested 10 mL of 0.5 % betaxolol ophthalmic solution. An acute toxic response is thus extremely remote.
Treatment: Should an overdosage occur, the following is suggested:
Ocular: Flush eye with lukewarm tap water.
Systemic: Gastric lavage.
Symptomatic bradycardia: Use atropine sulfate i.v. in a dosage of 0.25 mg to 2 mg to induce vagal blockage. If bradycardia persists, i.v. isoproterenol HCl should be administered cautiously. In refractory cases the use of a transvenous cardiac pacemaker may be considered.
Hypotension: Use sympathomimetic pressor drug therapy, such as dopamine, dobutamine or levarterenol. In refractory cases, the use of glucagon HCL has been reported to be useful.
Bronchospasm: Use isoproterenol HCl. Additional therapy with aminophylline may be considered.
Acute cardiac failure: Conventional therapy with digitalis, diuretics, and oxygen should be instituted immediately. In refractory cases the use of i.v. aminophylline is suggested. This may be followed if necessary by glucagon HCl which has been reported to be useful.
Heart block (second or third degree): use isoproterenol HCl or a transvenous cardiac pacemaker.
Dosage And Administration: The usual dose is 1 drop of betaxolol ophthalmic suspension in the affected eye(s) twice daily. In some patients, the intraocular pressure lowering response may require a few weeks to stabilize. Clinical follow-up should include a determination of the intraocular pressure during the first month of treatment. Thereafter, intraocular pressures should be determined on an individual basis at the judgment of the physician.
When a patient is transferred from a single antiglaucoma agent, continue the agent already used and add 1 drop of betaxolol in the affected eye(s) twice a day. On the following day, discontinue the previous antiglaucoma agent completely and continue with betaxolol ophthalmic solution or suspension.
Because of diurnal variations of intraocular pressure in individual patients, satisfactory response to twice a day therapy is best determined by measuring intraocular pressure at different times during the day. Intraocular pressure of less than 22 mm Hg may not be optimal for control of glaucoma in each patient; therefore, therapy should be individualized.
If the intraocular pressure of the patient is not adequately controlled on this regimen, concomitant therapy with pilocarpine, other miotics, epinephrine or systemically administered carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can be instituted.
When a patient is transferred from several concomitantly administered antiglaucoma agents, individualization is required. Adjustment should involve one agent at a time made at intervals of not less than 1 week. A recommended approach is to continue the agents being used and add 1 drop of betaxolol ophthalmic suspension in the affected eye(s) twice a day. On the following day, discontinue one of the other antiglaucoma agents. The remaining antiglaucoma agents may be decreased or discontinued according to the patient's response to treatment. The physician may be able to discontinue some or all of the other antiglaucoma agents.
Special Instructions: Patients should be instructed to avoid contamination of the dropper tip.
The Betoptic S suspension must be well shaken before use.
Availability And Storage: Each mL of sterile, isotonic, aqueous suspension contains: betaxolol 0.25% (0.28% betaxolol HCl) with benzalkonium chloride (as preservative), mannitol, poly (styrene- divinyl benzene) sulfonic acid, carbomer 934P, edetate disodium, hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide (to adjust pH) and purified water. Drop-Tainer dispensers of 5 and 10 mL. Store at room temperature.
Ocular: When instilled in the eye, betaxolol reduces elevated as well as normal intraocular pressure, whether or not accompanied by glaucoma. When used as a solution, the onset of action occurs within 30 minutes and the maximal effect is usually attained approximately 2 hours after instillation. Although the time of onset of action, and time of maximal effect for the suspension have not been determined, controlled double masked studies show that the magnitude and duration of the ocular hypotensive effect of betaxolol 0.5% solution and betaxolol 0.25% suspension were clinically equivalent.
A single dose provides a 12-hour reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) and twice daily administration maintains the IOP below 22 mm Hg in most patients.
Betaxolol has no effect on pupil size or accommodation.
Systemic: Ophthalmic betaxolol is virtually devoid of systemic effects. Following oral administration, the elimination half-life of betaxolol is 14 to 22 hours, and it is metabolized mainly to inactive substances which are excreted in the urine. Although betaxolol is absorbed systemically, ophthalmic doses do not ordinarily produce pharmacologically active tissue levels and thus, despite its cardioselective beta blocking activity, it has minimal, if any, effect on heart rate or blood pressure.
Betaxolol has a low affinity for b2-adrenergic receptors, and ophthalmic doses have no significant effect on pulmonary function as measured by forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC. Ophthalmic doses do not inhibit the effect of isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic stimulant, on pulmonary function. Therefore, ophthalmic betaxolol may be used in the treatment of patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension who have coexisting reactive airway disease.
Indications And Clinical Uses: For lowering intraocular pressure in the treatment of ocular hypertension or chronic open angle glaucoma. May be used alone or in combination with other IOP-lowering medication.
Contra-Indications: Hypersensitivity to any component of this product.
Although ophthalmic betaxolol has minimal systemic effects, as with all beta-adrenergic blocking agents, it should not be used in patients with sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block greater than first degree, cardiogenic shock, or patients with overt cardiac failure.
Precautions: General: Patients who are receiving a beta-adrenergic blocking agent orally and ophthalmic betaxolol should be observed for a potential additive effect either on the intraocular pressure or on the known systemic effects of beta blockade.
Although ophthalmic betaxolol has demonstrated a low potential for systemic effects, it should be used with caution in patients with bradycardia, and those with diabetes (especially labile diabetes) because of possible masking of hypoglycemia. Consideration should be given to the gradual withdrawal of all beta-adrenergic blocking agents in patients suspected of developing thyrotoxicosis, and also prior to general anesthesia, because of the reduced ability of the heart to respond to beta-adrenergically mediated sympathetic reflex stimuli (see Drug Interactions).
Betaxolol, a cardioselective beta-blocker, has produced only minimal effects in patients with reactive airway disease; however, caution should be exercised in the treatment of patients with excessive restriction of pulmonary function.
In patients with angle-closure glaucoma the immediate treatment objective is to reopen the angle by constriction of the pupil with a miotic agent. Betaxolol has no effect on the pupil; therefore ophthalmic betaxolol should be used with a miotic to reduce elevated intraocular pressure in angle-closure glaucoma.
As with the use of other antiglaucoma drugs diminished responsiveness to ophthalmic betaxolol after prolonged therapy has been reported in some patients. However, in one long-term study in which 250 patients treated with betaxolol ophthalmic solution have been followed for up to 3 years, no significant difference in mean intraocular pressure has been observed after initial stabilization.
Drug Interactions: Although ophthalmic betaxolol used alone has little or no effect on pupil size, mydriasis resulting from concomitant therapy with epinephrine has been reported occasionally.
Close observation of the patient is recommended when a beta-blocker is administered to patients receiving oral beta-adrenergic blocking drugs or catecholamine-depleting drugs such as reserpine because of possible additive effects. Caution should be exercised in patients using concomitant adrenergic psychotropic drugs.
Pregnancy: There have been no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly indicated.
Lactation: It is not known whether betaxolol is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when ophthalmic betaxolol is administered to nursing women.
Children: Clinical studies to establish the safety and efficacy in children have not been performed .
Adverse Reactions: The following adverse reactions have been reported in clinical trials of up to 3 years of patient experience with betaxolol ophthalmic preparations.
Ocular: Betaxolol has been well tolerated. Discomfort of short duration may be experienced by some patients upon instillation and occasional tearing has been reported. Instances of decreased corneal sensitivity erythema itching sensation corneal punctate staining, keratitis, anisocoria and photophobia have been reported. Based on comparative studies, there is an increased incidence of blurred vision upon instillation of Betoptic S compared with Betoptic.
Systemic: Systemic reactions following topical administration of betaxolol have been reported rarely (e.g., CNS: insomnia and depressive neurosis).
Symptoms And Treatment Of Overdose : Symptoms: No data are available on overdosage of humans. However, anticipated symptoms include symptomatic bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, acute cardiac failure and heart block (second or third degree).
A 10 mL container of 0.5% betaxolol ophthalmic solution would contain 50 mg of betaxolol. Betaxolol at 40 mg twice daily is reported to be an effective and safe systemic dosage for hypertension. Thus, an individual would ingest an amount of betaxolol from one container which is less than the maximum daily oral dose of betaxolol.
Since the oral LD50 in animals ranged from 350 to 1 050 mg/kg, a 10 kg child would only receive 5 mg/kg if the child ingested 10 mL of 0.5 % betaxolol ophthalmic solution. An acute toxic response is thus extremely remote.
Treatment: Should an overdosage occur, the following is suggested:
Ocular: Flush eye with lukewarm tap water.
Systemic: Gastric lavage.
Symptomatic bradycardia: Use atropine sulfate i.v. in a dosage of 0.25 mg to 2 mg to induce vagal blockage. If bradycardia persists, i.v. isoproterenol HCl should be administered cautiously. In refractory cases the use of a transvenous cardiac pacemaker may be considered.
Hypotension: Use sympathomimetic pressor drug therapy, such as dopamine, dobutamine or levarterenol. In refractory cases, the use of glucagon HCL has been reported to be useful.
Bronchospasm: Use isoproterenol HCl. Additional therapy with aminophylline may be considered.
Acute cardiac failure: Conventional therapy with digitalis, diuretics, and oxygen should be instituted immediately. In refractory cases the use of i.v. aminophylline is suggested. This may be followed if necessary by glucagon HCl which has been reported to be useful.
Heart block (second or third degree): use isoproterenol HCl or a transvenous cardiac pacemaker.
Dosage And Administration: The usual dose is 1 drop of betaxolol ophthalmic suspension in the affected eye(s) twice daily. In some patients, the intraocular pressure lowering response may require a few weeks to stabilize. Clinical follow-up should include a determination of the intraocular pressure during the first month of treatment. Thereafter, intraocular pressures should be determined on an individual basis at the judgment of the physician.
When a patient is transferred from a single antiglaucoma agent, continue the agent already used and add 1 drop of betaxolol in the affected eye(s) twice a day. On the following day, discontinue the previous antiglaucoma agent completely and continue with betaxolol ophthalmic solution or suspension.
Because of diurnal variations of intraocular pressure in individual patients, satisfactory response to twice a day therapy is best determined by measuring intraocular pressure at different times during the day. Intraocular pressure of less than 22 mm Hg may not be optimal for control of glaucoma in each patient; therefore, therapy should be individualized.
If the intraocular pressure of the patient is not adequately controlled on this regimen, concomitant therapy with pilocarpine, other miotics, epinephrine or systemically administered carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can be instituted.
When a patient is transferred from several concomitantly administered antiglaucoma agents, individualization is required. Adjustment should involve one agent at a time made at intervals of not less than 1 week. A recommended approach is to continue the agents being used and add 1 drop of betaxolol ophthalmic suspension in the affected eye(s) twice a day. On the following day, discontinue one of the other antiglaucoma agents. The remaining antiglaucoma agents may be decreased or discontinued according to the patient's response to treatment. The physician may be able to discontinue some or all of the other antiglaucoma agents.
Special Instructions: Patients should be instructed to avoid contamination of the dropper tip.
The Betoptic S suspension must be well shaken before use.
Availability And Storage: Each mL of sterile, isotonic, aqueous suspension contains: betaxolol 0.25% (0.28% betaxolol HCl) with benzalkonium chloride (as preservative), mannitol, poly (styrene- divinyl benzene) sulfonic acid, carbomer 934P, edetate disodium, hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide (to adjust pH) and purified water. Drop-Tainer dispensers of 5 and 10 mL. Store at room temperature.
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